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  • MariaDB Server Documentation
  • Quickstart Guides
    • Installing MariaDB Server Guide
    • Adding & Changing Data Guide
    • Essential Queries Guide
    • Basics Guide
    • Altering Tables Guide
    • Connecting to MariaDB Guide
    • Troubleshooting Connection Issues Guide
    • Doing Time Guide
    • Importing Data Guide
    • Essentials of an Index Guide
    • Getting Started with Indexes Guide
    • Joining Tables with JOIN Clauses Guide
    • Configuring MariaDB for Remote Client Access Guide
    • Getting Data Guide
    • Basic SQL Statements Guide
    • Basic SQL Debugging Guide
    • MariaDB String Functions Guide
    • Restoring Data from Dump Files Guide
    • Changing Times in MariaDB
    • Making Backups with mariadb-dump Guide
    • A MariaDB Primer Guide
    • Creating & Using Views Guide
  • Server Usage
    • Basics
      • A MariaDB Primer
      • Basic Queries
      • Basic SQL Debugging
      • Basic SQL Statements
      • Commonly Used Queries
      • String Functions
    • Connecting
      • Connecting to MariaDB Server
      • Fixing Connection Issues
      • Remote Client Access
    • Data Handling
      • Adding and Changing Data in MariaDB
      • Doing Time with MariaDB
      • Getting Data from MariaDB
      • Importing Data into MariaDB
    • Backup & Restore
      • Backup and Restore Overview
      • Backup and Restore via dbForge Studio
      • Backup and Restore with MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Backup Optimization
        • Forming a Backup Strategy
        • MariaDB Enterprise Backup
      • Mariabackup
        • Mariabackup Overview
        • Files Backed Up By Mariabackup
        • Files Created by Mariabackup
        • Full Backup and Restore with Mariadb-backup
        • How Mariabackup Works
        • Incremental Backup and Restore with Mariabackup
        • Individual Database Restores with MariaBackup from Full Backup
        • Mariabackup and BACKUP STAGE Commands
        • Mariabackup Options
        • Partial Backup and Restore with Mariabackup
        • Restoring Individual Tables and Partitions with Mariabackup
        • Setting up a Replica with Mariabackup
        • Using Encryption and Compression Tools With Mariabackup
      • Making Backups
      • Restoring Data
      • Replication as a Backup Solution
    • Tables
      • Altering Tables in MariaDB
      • Joining Tables with JOIN
      • Indexes
      • Views
      • Copying Tables Between Databases and Servers
    • Partitioning Tables
      • Partitioning Overview
      • Partition Pruning and Selection
      • Partition Maintenance
      • Partitioning Types
        • Partitioning Types Overview
        • HASH Partitioning Type
        • KEY Partitioning Type
        • LINEAR HASH Partitioning Type
        • LINEAR KEY Partitioning Type
        • LIST Partitioning Type
        • RANGE COLUMNS and LIST COLUMNS Partitioning Types
        • RANGE Partitioning Type
      • Partitioning Limitations
      • Partitions Files
      • Partitions Metadata
    • Stored Routines
      • Stored Procedures
        • Stored Procedure Overview
        • CREATE PROCEDURE
        • ALTER PROCEDURE
        • DROP PROCEDURE
      • Stored Functions
        • Stored Function Overview
        • Stored Aggregate Functions
        • Stored Routine Privileges
        • DROP FUNCTION
        • Stored Function Limitations
      • Binary Logging of Stored Routines
      • Stored Routine Limitations
    • Storage Engines
      • Storage Engines Overview
      • Choosing the Right Storage Engine
      • InnoDB
        • InnoDB Storage Engine Introduction
        • InnoDB Versions
        • InnoDB File Format
        • InnoDB Limitations
        • AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB
        • Binary Log Group Commit and InnoDB Flushing Performance
        • InnoDB Asynchronous I/O
        • InnoDB Buffer Pool
        • InnoDB Change Buffering
        • InnoDB Data Scrubbing
        • InnoDB Doublewrite Buffer
        • InnoDB Lock Modes
        • InnoDB Monitors
        • InnoDB Page Compression
        • InnoDB Page Flushing
        • InnoDB Purge
        • InnoDB Undo Log
        • InnoDB Redo Log
        • InnoDB Strict Mode
        • InnoDB System Variables
        • InnoDB Architecture for MariaDB Enterprise Server
          • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB Background Thread Pool
          • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB I/O Threads
        • InnoDB Online DDL
          • InnoDB Online DDL Overview
          • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the INPLACE Alter Algorithm
          • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the INSTANT Alter Algorithm
          • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the NOCOPY Alter Algorithm
          • Instant ADD COLUMN for InnoDB
        • InnoDB Row Formats
          • InnoDB Row Formats Overview
          • InnoDB COMPACT Row Format
          • InnoDB COMPRESSED Row Format
          • InnoDB DYNAMIC Row Format
          • InnoDB REDUNDANT Row Format
          • Troubleshooting Row Size Too Large Errors with InnoDB
        • InnoDB Tablespaces
          • InnoDB File-Per-Table Tablespaces
          • InnoDB System Tablespaces
          • InnoDB Temporary Tablespaces
        • InnoDB Troubleshooting
          • InnoDB Troubleshooting Overview
          • InnoDB Data Dictionary Troubleshooting
          • InnoDB Recovery Modes
        • InnoDB - Unmaintained
          • About XtraDB
          • Using InnoDB Instead of XtraDB
        • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB Operations
          • Configure the InnoDB Buffer Pool
          • Configure the InnoDB I/O Threads
          • Configure the InnoDB Purge Threads
          • Configure the InnoDB Redo Log
          • Configure the InnoDB Undo Log
          • Schema Changes
            • InnoDB Schema Changes
      • BLACKHOLE
      • MEMORY
      • MERGE
      • PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
      • Sequence
      • Archive
      • Aria
        • Aria Storage Engine
        • Aria Group Commit
        • Aria Status Variables
        • Aria Storage Formats
        • Aria System Variables
        • Aria Two-step Deadlock Detection
        • Aria FAQ
        • The Aria Name
      • CONNECT
        • Introduction to the CONNECT Engine
        • Using CONNECT
          • Using CONNECT - Condition Pushdown
          • Using CONNECT - Exporting Data From MariaDB
          • Using CONNECT - General Information
          • Using CONNECT - Importing File Data Into MariaDB Tables
          • Using CONNECT - Indexing
          • USING CONNECT - Offline Documentation
          • Using CONNECT - Partitioning and Sharding
          • Using CONNECT - Virtual and Special Columns
        • Installing
        • Create Table Options
        • Data Types
        • CONNECT Table Types
          • CONNECT Table Types Overview
          • CONNECT BIN Table Type
          • CONNECT CSV and FMT Table Types
          • CONNECT DBF Table Type
          • CONNECT DOS and FIX Table Types
          • CONNECT - External Table Types
          • CONNECT - Files Retrieved Using Rest Queries
          • CONNECT INI Table Type
          • CONNECT JDBC Table Type: Accessing Tables from Another DBMS
          • CONNECT JSON Table Type
          • CONNECT MONGO Table Type: Accessing Collections from MongoDB
          • CONNECT MYSQL Table Type: Accessing MySQL/MariaDB Tables
          • CONNECT - NoSQL Table Types
          • CONNECT OCCUR Table Type
          • CONNECT ODBC Table Type: Accessing Tables From Another DBMS
          • CONNECT PIVOT Table Type
          • CONNECT PROXY Table Type
          • CONNECT Table Types - Catalog Tables
          • CONNECT Table Types - Data Files
          • CONNECT Table Types - OEM: Implemented in an External LIB
          • CONNECT Table Types - Special "Virtual" Tables
          • CONNECT Table Types - VIR
          • CONNECT TBL Table Type: Table List
          • CONNECT - Using the TBL and MYSQL Table Types Together
          • CONNECT VEC Table Type
          • CONNECT XCOL Table Type
          • CONNECT XML Table Type
          • CONNECT Zipped File Tables
          • Inward and Outward Tables
        • Security
        • Connect System Variables
        • Adding the REST Feature as a Library Called by an OEM Table
        • Compiling JSON UDFs in a Separate Library
        • Making the GetRest Library
        • OEM Table Example
        • Current Status of the CONNECT Handler
        • JSON Sample Files
      • CSV
        • CSV Overview
        • Checking and Repairing CSV Tables
      • FederatedX
        • About FederatedX
        • Differences Between FederatedX and Federated
      • Mroonga
        • Mroonga Overview
        • About Mroonga
        • Mroonga Status Variables
        • Mroonga System Variables
        • Mroonga User-Defined Functions
          • Creating Mroonga User-Defined Functions
          • last_insert_grn_id
          • mroonga_command
          • mroonga_escape
          • mroonga_highlight_html
          • mroonga_normalize
          • mroonga_snippet
          • mroonga_snippet_html
      • MyISAM
        • MyISAM Overview
        • MyISAM Index Storage Space
        • MyISAM Storage Formats
        • MyISAM System Variables
      • MyRocks
        • About MyRocks for MariaDB
        • Building MyRocks in MariaDB
        • Differences Between MyRocks Variants
        • Getting Started with MyRocks
        • Loading Data Into MyRocks
        • Bloom Filters
        • CHECK TABLE
        • Data Compression
        • Group Commit with Binary log
        • Index-Only Scans
        • Replication
        • START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
        • MyRocks Column Families
        • MyRocks Performance Troubleshooting
        • Optimizer Statistics in MyRocks
        • MyRocks Transactional Isolation
        • MyRocks Status Variables
        • MyRocks System Variables
      • OQGRAPH
        • OQGRAPH Overview
        • Installing OQGRAPH
        • Compiling OQGRAPH
        • Building OQGRAPH Under Windows
        • OQGRAPH Examples
      • S3 Storage Engine
        • Using the S3 Storage Engine
        • S3 Status Variables
        • System Variables
        • Engine Internals
        • Testing Connections
        • aria_s3_copy
      • SphinxSE
        • About SphinxSE
        • Installing Sphinx
        • Installing and Testing SphinxSE with MariaDB
        • Configuring Sphinx
      • Spider
        • Spider Storage Engine Overview
        • Spider Storage Engine Introduction
          • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Schema Design
          • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Operations
            • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
              • Spider Federated Overview
              • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Backup and Restore
              • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Migrate Tables
            • ODBC MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
              • Use Spider ODBC to connect to Oracle
            • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
              • Spider Sharded Overview
              • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Add a Shard
              • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Backup and Restore
        • Spider Differences Between SpiderForMySQL and MariaDB
        • Spider Feature Matrix
        • Spider Use Cases
        • Spider Installation
        • Spider Cluster Management
        • Spider Case Studies
        • Spider Benchmarks
        • Information Schema SPIDER_WRAPPER_PROTOCOLS Table
        • Spider Storage Engine Core Concepts
        • Spider System Variables
        • Spider Table Parameters
        • Spider Functions
          • SPIDER_BG_DIRECT_SQL
          • SPIDER_COPY_TABLES
          • SPIDER_DIRECT_SQL
          • SPIDER_FLUSH_TABLE_MON_CACHE
        • Spider FAQ
      • TokuDB
        • TokuDB Overview
        • Installing TokuDB
        • TokuDB Differences
        • TokuDB Resources
        • TokuDB Status Variables
        • TokuDB System Variables
      • Storage Engine Development
        • Engine-defined New Table/Field/Index Attributes
        • Storage Engine FAQ
        • Table Discovery (before 10.0.2)
        • Table Discovery
      • Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB
      • Legacy Storage Engines
        • FEDERATED Storage Engine
        • Cassandra Storage Engine
          • Building Cassandra Storage Engine for Packaging
          • Building Cassandra Storage Engine
          • Cassandra Status Variables
          • Cassandra Storage Engine Future Plans
          • Cassandra Storage Engine Issues
          • Cassandra Storage Engine Overview
          • Cassandra Storage Engine Use Example
          • Cassandra System Variables
          • Handling Joins With Cassandra
          • Virtual Machine to Test the Cassandra Storage Engine
      • Machine Learning with MindsDB
    • Triggers & Events
      • Event Scheduler
        • Events Overview
        • ALTER EVENT
        • Event Limitations
      • Triggers
        • Trigger Overview
        • CREATE TRIGGER
        • Trigger Limitations
        • Triggers and Implicit Locks
    • User-Defined Functions
      • User-Defined Functions Overview
      • Creating User-Defined Functions
      • CREATE FUNCTION UDF
      • DROP FUNCTION UDF
      • User-Defined Functions Calling Sequences
      • User-Defined Functions Security
    • Views
      • ALTER VIEW
      • CREATE VIEW
      • DROP VIEW
      • Information Schema VIEWS Table
      • Inserting and Updating with Views
      • View Algorithms
  • Server Management
    • Deployment
      • General Deployment Instructions
        • Best Practices
        • Deployment Methods
        • Customer Download Token
      • Installing MariaDB
        • Compiling MariaDB From Source
          • Build Environment Setup for Mac
          • Building MariaDB on Gentoo
          • Building MariaDB on Windows
          • Creating a Debian Repository
          • Creating the MariaDB Source Tarball
          • Build Environment Setup for Linux
          • Building MariaDB from a Source RPM
          • Building MariaDB From Source Using musl-based GNU/Linux
          • Building MariaDB on Debian
          • Building MariaDB on Fedora
          • Building MariaDB on FreeBSD
          • Building MariaDB on Solaris and OpenSolaris
          • Building MariaDB on Ubuntu
          • Building RPM Packages From Source
          • Compile and Using MariaDB with Sanitizers (ASAN, UBSAN, TSAN, MSAN)
          • MariaDB Source Configuration Options
          • Compiling with the InnoDB Plugin from Oracle
          • Creating the MariaDB Binary Tarball
          • Cross-compiling MariaDB
          • Generic Build Instructions
          • Get, Build and Test Latest MariaDB the Lazy Way
          • Building MariaDB on CentOS
          • Compiling MariaDB with Extra Modules/Options
            • Compiling MariaDB with Vanilla XtraDB
            • Specifying Which Plugins to Build
            • Using MariaDB with TCMalloc or jemalloc
        • MariaDB Binary Packages
          • GPG
          • Installing MariaDB Alongside MySQL
          • Installing MariaDB Binary Tarballs
          • Installing MariaDB .deb Files
          • Installing MariaDB MSI Packages on Windows
          • Installing MariaDB Server on macOS Using Homebrew
          • Installing MariaDB Server PKG packages on macOS
          • Installing MariaDB Windows ZIP Packages
          • MariaDB Package Repository Setup and Usage
          • Deploy with Package Tarballs
          • Deploy with Local Package Repository Mirrors
          • Automated MariaDB Deployment and Administration
            • A Comparison Between Automation Systems
            • Automating MariaDB Tasks with Events
            • Automating Upgrades with MariaDB.Org Downloads REST API
            • HashiCorp Vault and MariaDB
            • Orchestrator Overview
            • Why to Automate MariaDB Deployments and Management
            • Ansible and MariaDB
              • Ansible Overview for MariaDB Users
              • Deploying Docker Containers with Ansible
              • Deploying to Remote Servers with Ansible
              • Existing Ansible Modules and Roles for MariaDB
              • Installing MariaDB .deb Files with Ansible
              • Managing Secrets in Ansible
              • Running mariadb-tzinfo-to-sql with Ansible
            • Puppet and MariaDB
              • Puppet Overview
              • Deploying Docker Containers with Puppet
              • Existing Puppet Modules for MariaDB
              • Puppet hiera Configuration System
              • Bolt Examples
            • MariaDB Containers
              • Adding Plugins to the MariaDB Docker Official Image
              • Benefits of Managing MariaDB Containers with Orchestration Software
              • Container Backup and Restoration
              • Container Security Concerns
              • Creating a Custom Container Image
              • Deploy MariaDB Enterprise Server with Docker
              • Docker and AWS EC2
              • Docker and Google Cloud
              • Docker and Microsoft Azure
              • Docker Official Image Frequently Asked Questions
              • Installing and Using MariaDB via Docker
              • MariaDB Container Cheat Sheet
              • MariaDB Server Docker Official Image Environment Variables
              • Setting Up a LAMP Stack with Docker Compose
              • using-healthcheck-sh
            • Kubernetes and MariaDB
              • Kubernetes Operators for MariaDB
              • Kubernetes Overview for MariaDB Users
            • Vagrant and MariaDB
              • Creating a Vagrantfile
              • Vagrant Overview for MariaDB Users
              • Vagrant Security Concerns
          • Installing MariaDB RPM Files
            • About the MariaDB RPM Files
            • Checking MariaDB RPM Package Signatures
            • Installing MariaDB With the rpm Tool
            • Installing MariaDB with zypper
            • MariaDB for DirectAdmin Using RPMs
            • MariaDB Installation (Version 10.1.21) via RPMs on CentOS 7
            • Troubleshooting MariaDB Installs on RHEL / CentOS
            • Why Source RPMs (SRPMs) Aren't Packaged For Some Platforms
            • Installing MariaDB with yum/dnf
        • Installing System Tables
          • Installing System Tables on Unix
          • Installing System Tables on Windows
        • Troubleshooting Installation Issues
          • Error: symbol mysql_get_server_name, version libmysqlclient_16 not defined
          • Installation issues on Windows
          • Installation Issues with PHP5
          • Installing on an Old Linux Version
          • Installation issues on Debian and Ubuntu
            • apt-upgrade Fails, But the Database is Running
            • Differences in MariaDB in Debian (and Ubuntu)
            • MariaDB 5.5.33 Debian and Ubuntu Installation Issues
            • MariaDB Debian Live Images
            • Moving from MySQL to MariaDB in Debian 9
        • Installing MariaDB on IBM Cloud
      • Configuring MariaDB
        • Configuring MariaDB with Option Files
        • MariaDB Environment Variables
        • Advanced Configuration
          • Atomic Write Support
          • Configuring Linux for MariaDB
          • Configuring MariaDB for Optimal Performance
          • Configuring Swappiness
          • Fusion-io
            • Fusion-io Introduction
            • MariaDB 10.0.15 Fusion-io Changelog
            • MariaDB 10.0.15 Fusion-io Release Notes
      • Upgrading MariaDB
        • Upgrading Between Major MariaDB Versions
        • Upgrading Between Minor Versions on Linux
        • Upgrading MariaDB on Windows
        • Upgrading MariaDB Enterprise Server
          • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.8
          • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.4
          • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.6
          • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.5
          • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.4
          • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.3
          • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 11.4.X to 11.4.Y
          • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.6.X to 10.6.Y
          • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.5.X to 10.5.Y
          • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.4.X to 10.4.Y
          • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.3.X to 10.3.Y
        • Upgrading MariaDB Community Server to Enterprise Server
          • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.4
          • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.6
          • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.5
          • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.4
          • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.3
        • Upgrading From/To Specific Versions
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.11 to MariaDB 11.4
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.4 to MariaDB 10.5
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.5 to MariaDB 10.6
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.6 to MariaDB 10.11
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.1 to MariaDB 11.2
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.2 to MariaDB 11.3
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.3 to MariaDB 11.4
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.4 to MariaDB 11.8
        • Upgrading from MySQL to MariaDB
        • Upgrading to Unmaintained MariaDB Versions
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.11 to MariaDB 11.0
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.6 to MariaDB 10.7
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.7 to MariaDB 10.8
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.0 to MariaDB 10.1
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.1 to MariaDB 10.2
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.2 to MariaDB 10.3
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.3 to MariaDB 10.4
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.0 to MariaDB 11.1
          • Upgrading from MariaDB 5.3 to MariaDB 5.5
      • Downgrading MariaDB
      • Migrating to MariaDB
        • Migrating to MariaDB from MySQL
          • Upgrading from MySQL to MariaDB
          • Migrating to MariaDB from MySQL - Obsolete Articles
            • Screencast for Upgrading MySQL to MariaDB (Obsolete)
            • Upgrading from MySQL 5.7 to MariaDB 10.2
            • upgrading-to-mariadb-from-mysql-50-or-older
        • Migrating to MariaDB from PostgreSQL
        • Migrating to MariaDB from Oracle
          • Oracle XE 11.2. and MariaDB 10.1 integration on Ubuntu 14.04 and Debian systems
        • Migrating to MariaDB from SQL Server
          • MariaDB Authorization and Permissions for SQL Server Users
          • MariaDB Backups Overview for SQL Server Users
          • MariaDB Features Not Available in SQL Server
          • MariaDB Replication Overview for SQL Server Users
          • MariaDB Transactions and Isolation Levels for SQL Server Users
          • Moving Data Between SQL Server and MariaDB
          • Repairing MariaDB Tables for SQL Server Users
          • Setting Up MariaDB for Testing for SQL Server Users
          • SQL Server and MariaDB Types Comparison
          • SQL Server Features Implemented Differently in MariaDB
          • SQL Server Features Not Available in MariaDB
          • Syntax Differences between MariaDB and SQL Server
          • Understanding MariaDB Architecture
      • MariaDB on Amazon RDS
      • Puppet and MariaDB
    • Starting & Stopping
      • Starting and Stopping Overview
      • launchd
      • systemd
      • sysVinit
      • mariadbd-safe
      • mariadbd-multi
      • mariadbd Options
      • mariadbd
      • mysql.server
      • Running MariaDB from the Build Directory
      • Running Multiple MariaDB Server Processes
      • Specifying Permissions for Schema (Data) Directories and Tables
      • Switching Between Different Installed MariaDB Versions
      • What to Do if MariaDB Doesn't Start
    • Server Monitoring & Logs
      • Overview of MariaDB Logs
      • Binary Log
        • Overview of the Binary Log
        • Activating the Binary Log
        • Binary Log Formats
        • Compressing Events to Reduce Size of the Binary Log
        • Flashback
        • Group Commit for the Binary Log
        • Relay Log
        • Using and Maintaining the Binary Log
      • Slow Query Log
        • Slow Query Log Overview
        • EXPLAIN in the Slow Query Log
        • log_slow_always_query_time System Variable
      • Error Log
      • General Query Log
      • MyISAM Log
      • Rotating Logs on Unix and Linux
      • SQL Error Log Plugin
      • Writing Logs Into Tables
      • Transaction Coordinator Log
        • Transaction Coordinator Log Overview
        • Heuristic Recovery with the Transaction Coordinator Log
    • Variables and Modes
      • SQL_MODE
      • OLD_MODE
  • Security
    • Securing MariaDB
      • Running mariadbd as root
      • SELinux
      • Encryption
        • TLS and Cryptography Libraries Used by MariaDB
        • Data-in-Transit Encryption
          • Certificate Creation with OpenSSL
          • Enabling TLS on MariaDB Server
          • Requiring TLS on MariaDB Server
          • Replication with Secure Connections
          • Secure Connections Overview
          • Securing Connections for Client and Server
          • SSL/TLS System Variables
          • Using TLSv1.3
        • Data-at-Rest Encryption
          • Data-at-Rest Encryption Overview
          • Encrypting Binary Logs
          • Why Encrypt MariaDB Data?
          • Aria Encryption
            • Aria Encryption Overview
            • Aria Disabling Encryption
            • Aria Enabling Encryption
            • Aria Encryption Keys
          • InnoDB Encryption
            • InnoDB Encryption Overview
            • Disabling InnoDB Encryption
            • InnoDB Background Encryption Threads
            • Enabling InnoDB Encryption
            • InnoDB Encryption Keys
            • InnoDB Encryption Troubleshooting
          • Key Management and Encryption Plugins
            • Amazon Web Services (AWS) Key Management Service (KMS) Encryption Plugin Advanced Usage
            • Amazon Web Services (AWS) Key Management Service (KMS) Encryption Plugin Setup Guide
            • AWS Key Management Encryption Plugin
            • Encryption Key Management
            • Eperi Key Management Encryption Plugin
            • File Key Management Encryption Plugin
            • Hashicorp Key Management Plugin
      • Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in MariaDB
      • Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in Oracle MySQL That Did Not Exist in MariaDB
    • User Account Management
      • Roles
        • Roles Overview
        • SecuRich
      • Account Locking
      • Authentication from MariaDB 10.4
      • Incrementing of the access_denied_errors status variable
      • User Password Expiry
      • Catalogs
        • Catalogs Overview
        • Starting with Catalogs
        • Catalog-Specific Functions and Variables
        • Catalog Status Variables
        • Connecting to a Server Configured for Catalogs
        • CREATE CATALOG
        • SHOW CREATE CATALOG
        • SHOW CATALOGS
        • USE CATALOG
        • DROP CATALOG
    • Authentication with Enterprise Server
      • Authentication for MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Authentication with gssapi
    • Limiting Size of Created Disk Temporary Files and Tables
      • Limiting Size of Created Disk Temporary Files and Tables Overview
      • max_tmp_session_space_usage System Variable
      • max_tmp_total_space_usage System Variable
  • Architecture
    • Topologies
      • Topologies Overview
      • Columnstore Object Storage
        • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Nodes
        • Step 2: Configure Shared Local Storage
        • Step 3: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 4: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 5: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 6: Install MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 7: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 8: Test MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 9: Import Data
      • ColumnStore Shared Local Storage
        • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Nodes
        • Step 2: Configure Shared Local Storage
        • Step 3: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 4: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 5: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 6: Install MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 7: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 8: Test MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 9: Import Data
      • Galera Cluster
        • Step 1: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 2: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 3: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 4: Install MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 5: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 6: Test MariaDB MaxScale
      • HTAP
        • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Node
        • Step 2: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 3: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 4: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Primary/Replica
        • Step 1: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 2: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server on Primary Server
        • Step 3: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server on Replica Servers
        • Step 4: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Step 5: Install MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 6: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
        • Step 7: Test MariaDB MaxScale
      • Single Node Topologies
        • Community Server
        • Community Server with ColumnStore
        • Enterprise Server
        • Enterprise Server with ColumnStore (Local Storage)
          • Step 1: Prepare Systems for Enterprise ColumnStore Nodes
          • Step 2: Install Enterprise ColumnStore
          • Step 3: Start and Configure Enterprise ColumnStore
          • Step 4: Test Enterprise ColumnStore
          • Step 5: Bulk Import of Data
        • Enterprise Server with ColumnStore (Object Storage)
          • Step 1: Prepare Systems for Enterprise ColumnStore Nodes
          • Step 2: Install Enterprise ColumnStore
          • Step 3: Start and Configure Enterprise ColumnStore
          • Step 4: Test Enterprise ColumnStore
          • Step 5: Bulk Import of Data
      • Spider Storage Engine
      • Spider Federated
        • Step 1: Install Enterprise Spider
        • Step 2: Configure Spider Node and Data Node
        • Step 3: Test Spider Federated Topology
      • Spider Sharded
        • Step 1: Install Enterprise Spider
        • Step 2: Configure Spider Node and Data Nodes
        • Step 3: Test Spider Sharded Topology
    • Server Constraints
      • Server Constraints Overview
      • AUTO_INCREMENT Constraints
      • FOREIGN KEY Constraints
      • NOT NULL Constraints
      • PRIMARY KEY Constraints
      • UNIQUE Constraints
  • Clients & Utilities
    • Administrative Tools
      • dbdeployer
      • innochecksum
      • mariadb-access
      • mariadb-admin
      • mariadb-conv
      • mariadb-setpermission
      • mariadb-show
      • mariadb-plugin
      • mariadb-report
      • mariadb-find-rows
      • mariadb-tzinfo-to-sql
      • mariadb-waitpid
      • my_print_defaults
      • mariadb-embedded
      • perror
      • replace
      • resolve_stack_dump
      • xtstat
    • Analyzing Tools
      • EXPLAIN Analyzer
      • EXPLAIN Analyzer API
    • Aria Clients and Utilities
      • aria_chk
      • aria_pack
      • aria_read_log
    • Backup, Restore and Import Clients
      • Backup/Restore + Data Export/Import via dbForge Studio
      • mariadb-dump
      • mariadb-hotcopy
      • mariadb-import
      • Data Import with MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • LOAD DATA With LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE
        • mariadb-import-utility
    • Deployment Tools
      • mariadb-install-db
      • mariadb-upgrade
      • mariadb-secure-installation
    • Graphical and Enhanced Clients
      • Adminer
      • Beekeeper Studio
      • SQL Diagnostic Manager & SQLyog
      • Database Workbench
      • dbForge Data Compare
      • dbForge Data Generator
      • dbForge Documenter for MariaDB and MySQL
      • dbForge Edge
      • dbForge Fusion: MySQL & MariaDB Plugin for VS
      • dbForge Query Builder for MySQL & MariaDB
      • dbForge Schema Compare for MariaDB & MySQL
      • dbForge Studio for MariaDB
      • DbSchema
      • DbVisualizer
      • DeZign for Databases
      • ERBuilder Data Modeler
      • DBeaver
      • OmniDB
      • Sequel Pro
      • HeidiSQL
      • Improved SQL Document Parser Performance in Updated dbForge Tools for MySQL and MariaDB
      • KS DB Merge Tools for MySQL and MariaDB
      • LibreOffice Base
      • Luna Modeler
      • mycli
      • Navicat
      • ocelotgui
      • phpMyAdmin
      • Querious
      • SB Data Generator
      • SQLPro Studio
      • SQLyog: Community Edition
      • TablePlus
      • TOAD Edge
      • TOAD for MySQL
      • Valentina Studio
      • MariaDB Direct Query Adapter For Microsoft Power BI
      • dbForge Studio for MySQL/MariaDB
    • Logging Tools
      • mariadb-binlog
        • mysqlbinlog
        • Using mariadb-binlog
        • mariadb-binlog Options
        • Annotate_rows_log_event
      • mariadb-dumpslow
    • mariadb Client
      • mariadb Command-Line Client
      • mysql Command-Line Client
      • Delimiters
    • Networking Tools
      • resolveip
    • Table Tools
      • mariadb-check
      • mariadb-convert-table-format
      • mariadb-fix-extensions
    • Testing Tools
      • mariadb-slap
      • mariadb-stress-test
      • mariadb-test
        • mariadb-test Overview
        • Installing MinIO for Usage With mariadb-test-run
        • mariadb-test Auxiliary Files
        • mariadb-test-run.pl Options
        • New Features for mysqltest in MariaDB
        • Pausing mariadb-test-run.pl
        • The Debug Sync Facility
    • MyISAM Clients and Utilities
      • Memory and Disk Use With myisamchk
      • MyISAM Database Management using GUI Client
      • myisam_ftdump
      • myisamchk Table Information
      • myisamchk
      • myisamlog
      • myisampack
    • Server & Client Software
      • About MariaDB Software
      • Applications Supporting MariaDB
      • About the MariaDB Foundation
      • Client Libraries
        • Connect and Query
        • Proxy Protocol Support
        • Client/Server Protocol
          • 0 - Packet
          • MariaDB Protocol Differences with MySQL
          • Protocol data types
          • 1 - Connecting
            • caching_sha2_password Authentication Plugin
            • Connecting
            • sha256_password Plugin
          • 2 - Text Protocol
            • COM_CHANGE_USER
            • COM_CREATE_DB
            • COM_DEBUG
            • COM_DROP_DB
            • COM_FIELD_LIST
            • COM_INIT_DB
            • COM_PING
            • COM_PROCESS_KILL
            • COM_PROCESSLIST
            • COM_QUERY
            • COM_QUIT
            • COM_RESET_CONNECTION
            • COM_SET_OPTION
            • COM_SHUTDOWN
            • COM_SLEEP
            • COM_STATISTICS
          • 3 - Binary Protocol (Prepared Statements)
            • COM_STMT_CLOSE
            • COM_STMT_BULK_EXECUTE
            • COM_STMT_EXECUTE
            • COM_STMT_FETCH
            • COM_STMT_PREPARE
            • COM_STMT_RESET
            • COM_STMT_SEND_LONG_DATA
            • Server Response Packets (Binary Protocol)
              • PACKET_BINDATA
          • 4 - Server Response Packets
            • EOF_Packet
            • ERR_Packet
            • OK_Packet
            • LOCAL_INFILE Packet
            • Result Set Packets
            • Resultset row
          • Replication Protocol
            • 1-Binlog Events
            • 2-Binlog Event Header
            • 3-Binlog Network Stream
            • 4-Semi-Sync Replication
            • 5-Replica Registration
            • ANNOTATE_ROWS_EVENT
            • BEGIN_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT
            • BINLOG_CHECKPOINT_EVENT
            • COM_BINLOG_DUMP
            • COM_REGISTER_SLAVE
            • EXECUTE_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT
            • Fake GTID_LIST event
            • Fake ROTATE_EVENT
            • FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT
            • GTID_EVENT
            • GTID_LIST_EVENT
            • HEARTBEAT_LOG_EVENT
            • INTVAR_EVENT
            • QUERY_EVENT
            • RAND_EVENT
            • ROTATE_EVENT
            • ROWS_EVENT_V1/V2, ROWS_COMPRESSED_EVENT_V1
            • START_ENCRYPTION_EVENT
            • STOP_EVENT
            • TABLE_MAP_EVENT
            • USER_VAR_EVENT
            • XA_PREPARE_LOG_EVENT
            • XID_EVENT
      • Downloads
        • MariaDB Source Code
        • MariaDB RPM Packages
        • Mirror Sites for MariaDB
        • Where to Download MariaDB
    • Legacy Clients and Utilities
      • mysqld_safe
      • MySQL Sandbox
      • mysql_convert_table_format
      • mysql_embedded
      • mysql_find_rows
      • mysql_fix_extensions
      • mysql_install_db
      • mysql_plugin
      • mysql_secure_installation
      • mysql_setpermission
      • mysql_tzinfo_to_sql
      • mysql_upgrade
      • mysql_waitpid
      • mysql_zap
      • mysqlaccess
      • mysqladmin
      • mysqlcheck
      • mysqld_multi
      • mysqldump
      • mysqldumpslow
      • mysqlhotcopy
      • mysqlimport
      • mysqlreport
      • mysqlshow
      • mysqlslap
      • Percona XtraBackup
        • Percona XtraBackup Overview
        • Percona XtraBackup Build Instructions
      • msql2mysql
  • HA & Performance
    • Optimization and Tuning
      • Buffers, Caches and Threads
        • Query Cache
        • Thread Command Values
        • Thread Pool
          • Thread Pool in MariaDB
          • Thread Groups in the Unix Implementation of the Thread Pool
          • Thread Pool System and Status Variables
          • Thread Pool in MariaDB 5.1 - 5.3
        • Thread States
          • Delayed Insert Connection Thread States
          • Delayed Insert Handler Thread States
          • Event Scheduler Thread States
          • General Thread States
          • Master Thread States
          • Query Cache Thread States
          • Replica I/O Thread States
          • Replica Connection Thread States
          • Replica SQL Thread States
      • MariaDB Internal Optimizations
        • Fair Choice Between Range and Index_merge Optimizations
        • Multi Range Read Optimization
      • Operating System Optimizations
        • Filesystem Optimizations
      • Optimization and Indexes
        • Building the best INDEX for a given SELECT
        • Compound (Composite) Indexes
        • Foreign Keys
        • Ignored Indexes
        • Index Statistics
        • Latitude/Longitude Indexing
        • Primary Keys with Nullable Columns
        • Storage Engine Index Types
        • Full-Text Indexes
          • Full-Text Index Overview
          • Full-Text Index Stopwords
      • Compression
        • Compression Plugins
        • Storage-Engine Independent Column Compression
      • Optimizing Data Structure
        • Numeric vs String Fields
        • Optimizing MEMORY Tables
        • Optimizing String and Character Fields
      • Optimizing Tables
        • OPTIMIZE TABLE
        • Defragmenting InnoDB Tablespaces
        • Entity-Attribute-Value Implementation
        • IP Range Table Performance
      • Optimizing Queries
        • Aborting Statements that Exceed a Certain Time to Execute
        • Big DELETEs
        • Charset Narrowing Optimization
        • Data Sampling: Techniques for Efficiently Finding a Random Row
        • Data Warehousing High Speed Ingestion
        • Data Warehousing Summary Tables
        • Data Warehousing Techniques
        • DISTINCT removal in aggregate functions
        • Equality propagation optimization
        • Filesort with Small LIMIT Optimization
        • FORCE INDEX
        • Groupwise Max in MariaDB
        • GUID/UUID Performance
        • hash_join_cardinality optimizer_switch Flag
        • How to Quickly Insert Data Into MariaDB
        • IGNORE INDEX
        • Index Condition Pushdown
        • Index Hints: How to Force Query Plans
        • index_merge sort_intersection
        • LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED
        • MariaDB 5.3 Optimizer Debugging
        • not_null_range_scan Optimization
        • optimizer_switch
        • optimizer_adjust_secondary_key_costs
        • optimizer_join_limit_pref_ratio Optimization
        • Optimizing for "Latest News"-style Queries
        • Pagination Optimization
        • Pivoting in MariaDB
        • Query Limits and Timeouts
        • Rollup Unique User Counts
        • Rowid Filtering Optimization
        • Sargable DATE and YEAR
        • Sargable UPPER
        • USE INDEX
        • Virtual Column Support in the Optimizer
        • Optimization Strategies
          • DuplicateWeedout Strategy
          • FirstMatch Strategy
          • Improvements to ORDER BY Optimization
          • LooseScan Strategy
          • Semi-join Materialization Strategy
        • Optimizations for Derived Tables
          • Condition Pushdown into Derived Table Optimization
          • Derived Table Merge Optimization
          • Derived Table with Key Optimization
          • Lateral Derived Optimization
          • Split Materialized Optimization
        • Statistics for Optimizing Queries
          • Engine-Independent Table Statistics
          • Histogram-Based Statistics
          • InnoDB Persistent Statistics
          • Slow Query Log Extended Statistics
          • User Statistics
        • Subquery Optimizations
          • Condition Pushdown Into IN subqueries
          • Conversion of Big IN Predicates Into Subqueries
          • EXISTS-to-IN Optimization
          • Non-semi-join Subquery Optimizations
          • Optimizing GROUP BY and DISTINCT Clauses in Subqueries
          • Semi-join Subquery Optimizations
          • Subquery Cache
          • Subquery Optimizations Map
          • Table Pullout Optimization
        • Table Elimination
          • Table Elimination External Resources
          • Table Elimination in MariaDB
          • Table Elimination in Other Databases
          • Table Elimination User Interface
          • What is Table Elimination?
      • System Variables
        • Big Query Settings
        • Handling Too Many Connections
        • InnoDB Server Status Variables
        • MariaDB Optimization for MySQL Users
        • Optimizing key_buffer_size
        • Optimizing table_open_cache
        • OQGRAPH System and Status Variables
        • Sample my.cnf Files
        • Segmented Key Cache
        • Semisynchronous Replication Plugin Status Variables
        • Server Status Variables
        • Server System Variables
        • Setting Innodb Buffer Pool Size Dynamically
        • Sphinx Status Variables
        • Spider Status Variables
        • SQL Error Log System Variables and Options
        • SSL/TLS Status Variables
        • System and Status Variables Added By Major Release
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.8
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.7
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.6
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.4
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.4
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.11
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.6
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.6
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.5
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.5
          • System and Status Variables Added By Major Unmaintained Release
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.5
            • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.5
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.3
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.2
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.1
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.0
            • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.0
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.10
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.9
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.8
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.4
            • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.4
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.3
            • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.3
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.2
            • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.2
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.1
            • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.1
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.0
            • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.0
            • System Variables Added in MariaDB 5.5
    • MariaDB Replication
      • Replication Overview
      • Replication Statements
      • Setting Up Replication
      • Global Transaction ID
      • Read-Only Replicas
      • Multi-Source Replication
      • Multi-Master Ring Replication
      • Delayed Replication
      • Parallel Replication
      • Semisynchronous Replication
      • Row-based Replication With No Primary Key
      • Unsafe Statements for Statement-Based Replication
      • Replication Filters
      • Replication Threads
      • Replication and Foreign Keys
      • Replication and Binary Log System Variables
      • Replication and Binary Log Status Variables
      • Binlog Event Checksum Interoperability
      • Binlog Event Checksums
      • Changing a Replica to Become the Primary
      • Replication When the Primary and Replica Have Different Table Definitions
      • Enhancements for START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
      • Restricting Speed of Reading Binlog from Primary by a Replica
      • Running Triggers on the Replica for Row-based Events
      • Selectively Skipping Replication of Binlog Events
      • Obsolete Replication Information
        • LOAD DATA FROM MASTER (removed)
        • LOAD TABLE FROM MASTER (removed)
        • MariaDB 5.2 Replication Feature Preview
        • XtraDB option --innodb-release-locks-early
    • Benchmarking
    • MariaDB Memory Allocation
    • Hardware Optimization
    • Connection Redirection Mechanism in the MariaDB Client/Server Protocol
  • Reference
    • Options, System & Status Variables
    • SQL Structure
      • Joins, Subqueries, and Set
      • Geometry
        • Geometry Hierarchy
        • Geometry Types
        • GIS Features
        • GIS Resources
        • MySQL/MariaDB Spatial Support Matrix
        • SPATIAL INDEX
      • NoSQL
        • Dynamic Column API
        • Dynamic Columns API
        • Dynamic Columns from MariaDB 10
        • Dynamic Columns
        • HANDLER
          • HANDLER Commands
          • HANDLER for MEMORY Tables
        • HandlerSocket
          • HandlerSocket Client Libraries
          • HandlerSocket Configuration Options
          • HandlerSocket External Resources
          • HandlerSocket Installation
          • Testing HandlerSocket in a Source Distribution
      • Operators
        • Operator Precedence
        • Arithmetic Operators
          • Modulo Operator (%)
          • Subtraction Operator (-)
        • Assignment Operators
          • Assignment Operator (:=)
          • Assignment Operator (=)
        • Comparison Operators
          • BETWEEN AND
          • COALESCE
          • =
          • >=
          • >
          • GREATEST
          • IN
          • INTERVAL
          • IS NOT NULL
          • IS NOT
          • IS NULL
          • IS
          • ISNULL
          • LEAST
          • <=
          • <
          • NOT BETWEEN
          • !=
          • NOT IN
          • <=>
        • Logical Operators
          • &&
          • !
          • ||
          • XOR
      • Sequences
        • ALTER SEQUENCE
        • CREATE SEQUENCE
        • DROP SEQUENCE
        • Sequence Overview
        • SEQUENCE Functions
          • LASTVAL
          • NEXT VALUE for sequence_name
          • NEXTVAL
          • PREVIOUS VALUE FOR sequence_name
          • SETVAL
      • SQL Language Structure
        • Binary Literals
        • Date and Time Literals
        • Hexadecimal Literals
        • Identifier Case-sensitivity
        • Identifier Names
        • Identifier Qualifiers
        • Identifier to File Name Mapping
        • Numeric Literals
        • Reserved Words
        • Boolean Literals
        • String Literals
        • Table Value Constructors
        • User-Defined Variables
      • Temporal Tables
        • Application-Time Periods
        • Bitemporal Tables
        • System-Versioned Tables
      • Vectors
        • CREATE TABLE with Vectors
        • Vector Framework Integrations
        • Vector Overview
        • Vector System Variables
        • Vector Functions
          • VEC_DISTANCE_COSINE
          • VEC_DISTANCE_EUCLIDEAN
          • VEC_FromText
          • VEC_ToText
          • VEC_DISTANCE
    • SQL Statements
      • Comment Syntax
      • Account Management
        • ALTER USER
        • CREATE ROLE
        • CREATE USER
        • DROP ROLE
        • DROP USER
        • GRANT
        • RENAME USER
        • REVOKE
        • SET DEFAULT ROLE
        • SET PASSWORD
        • SET ROLE
      • Administrative Statements
        • BINLOG
        • CACHE INDEX
        • DESCRIBE
        • HELP Command
        • KILL [CONNECTION | QUERY]
        • PURGE BINARY LOGS
        • RESET
        • SHUTDOWN
        • USE [DATABASE]
        • ANALYZE and EXPLAIN Statements
          • ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON
          • ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON Examples
          • ANALYZE: Interpreting rows and filtered members
          • ANALYZE Statement
          • EXPLAIN ANALYZE
          • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
          • EXPLAIN
          • Using Buffer UPDATE Algorithm
        • BACKUP Commands
          • BACKUP LOCK
          • BACKUP STAGE
          • Storage Snapshots and BACKUP STAGE Commands
        • FLUSH Commands
          • FLUSH QUERY CACHE
          • FLUSH TABLES FOR EXPORT
          • FLUSH
        • Plugin SQL Statements
          • INSTALL PLUGIN
          • INSTALL SONAME
          • UNINSTALL PLUGIN
          • UNINSTALL SONAME
        • Replication Statements
          • CHANGE MASTER TO
          • RESET MASTER
          • RESET REPLICA
          • SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER
          • START REPLICA
          • STOP REPLICA
          • Legacy Replication Statements
            • RESET SLAVE
            • SHOW SLAVE HOSTS
            • SHOW SLAVE STATUS
            • START SLAVE
            • STOP SLAVE
        • SET Commands
          • SET SQL_LOG_BIN
          • SET STATEMENT
          • SET
        • SHOW
          • About SHOW
          • Extended Show
          • SHOW ANALYZE
          • SHOW AUTHORS
          • SHOW BINARY LOGS
          • SHOW BINLOG EVENTS
          • SHOW MASTER STATUS
          • SHOW CHARACTER SET
          • SHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS
          • SHOW COLLATION
          • SHOW COLUMNS
          • SHOW CONTRIBUTORS
          • SHOW CREATE DATABASE
          • SHOW CREATE EVENT
          • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
          • SHOW CREATE PACKAGE BODY
          • SHOW CREATE PACKAGE
          • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
          • SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE
          • SHOW CREATE SERVER
          • SHOW CREATE TABLE
          • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
          • SHOW CREATE USER
          • SHOW CREATE VIEW
          • SHOW DATABASES
          • SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS
          • SHOW ENGINE
          • SHOW ENGINES
          • SHOW ERRORS
          • SHOW EVENTS
          • SHOW EXPLAIN
          • SHOW FUNCTION CODE
          • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
          • SHOW GRANTS
          • SHOW INDEX_STATISTICS
          • SHOW INDEX
          • SHOW INNODB STATUS (removed)
          • SHOW LOCALES
          • SHOW OPEN TABLES
          • SHOW PACKAGE BODY STATUS
          • SHOW PACKAGE STATUS
          • SHOW PLUGINS SONAME
          • SHOW PLUGINS
          • SHOW PRIVILEGES
          • SHOW PROCEDURE CODE
          • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
          • SHOW PROCESSLIST
          • SHOW PROFILE
          • SHOW PROFILES
          • SHOW QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
          • SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS
          • SHOW REPLICA HOSTS
          • SHOW REPLICA STATUS
          • SHOW STATUS
          • SHOW TABLE_STATISTICS
          • SHOW TABLE STATUS
          • SHOW TABLES
          • SHOW TRIGGERS
          • SHOW USER_STATISTICS
          • SHOW USER_VARIABLES
          • SHOW VARIABLES
          • SHOW WARNINGS
          • SHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP
          • SHOW WSREP_STATUS
        • System Tables
          • mariadb_schema
          • Information Schema
            • TIME_MS column in INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST
            • Information Schema Tables
              • Information Schema ALL_PLUGINS Table
              • Information Schema APPLICABLE_ROLES Table
              • Information Schema CATALOG Table
              • Information Schema CHARACTER_SETS Table
              • Information Schema CHECK_CONSTRAINTS Table
              • Information Schema CLIENT_STATISTICS Table
              • Information Schema COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
              • Information Schema COLLATIONS Table
              • Information Schema COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
              • Information Schema COLUMNS Table
              • Information Schema DISKS Table
              • Information Schema ENABLED_ROLES Table
              • Information Schema ENGINES Table
              • Information Schema EVENTS Table
              • Information Schema FEEDBACK Table
              • Information Schema FILES Table
              • Information Schema GEOMETRY_COLUMNS Table
              • Information Schema GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
              • Information Schema GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
              • Information Schema INDEX_STATISTICS Table
              • Information Schema KEY_CACHES Table
              • Information Schema KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
              • Information Schema KEY_PERIOD_USAGE Table
              • Information Schema KEYWORDS Table
              • Information Schema LOCALES Table
              • Information Schema METADATA_LOCK_INFO Table
              • Information Schema MROONGA_STATS Table
              • Information Schema OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
              • Information Schema PARAMETERS Table
              • Information Schema PARTITIONS Table
              • Information Schema PERIODS Table
              • Information Schema PROCESSLIST Table
              • Information Schema PROFILING Table
              • Information Schema QUERY_CACHE_INFO Table
              • Information Schema QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME Table
              • Information Schema REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
              • Information Schema ROUTINES Table
              • Information Schema SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
              • Information Schema SCHEMATA Table
              • Information Schema SEQUENCES Table
              • Information Schema SLAVE_STATUS Table
              • Information Schema SPATIAL_REF_SYS Table
              • Information Schema SPIDER_ALLOC_MEM Table
              • Information Schema SQL_FUNCTIONS Table
              • Information Schema STATISTICS Table
              • Information Schema SYSTEM_VARIABLES Table
              • Information Schema TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
              • Information Schema TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
              • Information Schema TABLE_STATISTICS Table
              • Information Schema TABLES Table
              • Information Schema TABLESPACES Table
              • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_GROUPS Table
              • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_QUEUES Table
              • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_STATS Table
              • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_WAITS Table
              • Information Schema TRIGGERS Table
              • Information Schema USER_PRIVILEGES Table
              • Information Schema USER_STATISTICS Table
              • Information Schema USER_VARIABLES Table
              • Information Schema USERS Table
              • Information Schema WSREP_MEMBERSHIP Table
              • Information Schema WSREP_STATUS Table
              • Information Schema PLUGINS Table
              • Information Schema InnoDB Tables
                • Information Schema INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
                • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES_BLOB Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES_INDEX Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_CHANGED_PAGES Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
                • Information Schema INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
                • Information Schema INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_LOCKS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_METRICS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_MUTEXES Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_SEMAPHORE_WAITS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_TRX Table
                • Information Schema TEMP_TABLES_INFO Table
              • Information Schema MyRocks Tables
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_CF_OPTIONS Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_CFSTATS Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_COMPACTION_STATS Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DBSTATS Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DDL Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DEADLOCK Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_GLOBAL_INFO Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_INDEX_FILE_MAP Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_LOCKS Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_PERF_CONTEXT Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_PERF_CONTEXT_GLOBAL Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_SST_PROPS Table
                • Information Schema ROCKSDB_TRX Table
              • Information Schema XtraDB Tables
                • Information Schema CHANGED_PAGE_BITMAPS Table
                • Information Schema INNODB_UNDO_LOGS Table
                • Information Schema XTRADB_INTERNAL_HASH_TABLES Table
                • Information Schema XTRADB_READ_VIEW Table
                • Information Schema XTRADB_RSEG Table
          • Performance Schema
            • Performance Schema Digests
            • Performance Schema Overview
            • Performance Schema Status Variables
            • Performance Schema System Variables
            • Performance Schema Tables
              • List of Performance Schema Tables
              • Performance Schema accounts Table
              • Performance Schema cond_instances Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_current Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_history Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_history_long Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_current Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_history Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_history_long Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_digest Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_program Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_current Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_history Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_history_long Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_global_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_current Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_history Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_history_long Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_instance Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema file_instances Table
              • Performance Schema file_summary_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema file_summary_by_instance Table
              • Performance Schema global_status Table
              • Performance Schema host_cache Table
              • Performance Schema hosts Table
              • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema memory_summary_global_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema metadata_locks Table
              • Performance Schema mutex_instances Table
              • Performance Schema objects_summary_global_by_type Table
              • Performance Schema performance_timers Table
              • Performance Schema prepared_statements_instances Table
              • Performance Schema replication_applier_configuration Table
              • Performance Schema replication_applier_status Table
              • Performance Schema replication_applier_status_by_coordinator Table
              • Performance Schema replication_applier_status_by_worker Table
              • Performance Schema replication_connection_configuration Table
              • Performance Schema rwlock_instances Table
              • Performance Schema session_account_connect_attrs Table
              • Performance Schema session_connect_attrs Table
              • Performance Schema session_status Table
              • Performance Schema setup_actors Table
              • Performance Schema setup_consumers Table
              • Performance Schema setup_instruments Table
              • Performance Schema setup_objects Table
              • Performance Schema setup_timers Table
              • Performance Schema socket_instances Table
              • Performance Schema socket_summary_by_event_name Table
              • Performance Schema socket_summary_by_instance Table
              • Performance Schema status_by_account Table
              • Performance Schema status_by_host Table
              • Performance Schema status_by_thread Table
              • Performance Schema status_by_user Table
              • Performance Schema table_handles Table
              • Performance Schema table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage Table
              • Performance Schema table_io_waits_summary_by_table Table
              • Performance Schema table_lock_waits_summary_by_table Table
              • Performance Schema threads Table
              • Performance Schema user_variables_by_thread Table
              • Performance Schema users Table
          • Sys Schema
            • Sys Schema sys_config Table
            • Sys Schema Stored Functions
              • extract_schema_from_file_name
              • extract_table_from_file_name
              • format_path
              • format_statement
              • format_time
              • list_add
              • list_drop
              • ps_is_account_enabled
              • ps_is_consumer_enabled
              • ps_is_instrument_default_enabled
              • ps_is_instrument_default_timed
              • ps_is_thread_instrumented
              • ps_thread_account
              • ps_thread_id
              • ps_thread_stack
              • ps_thread_trx_info
              • quote_identifier
              • sys_get_config
              • format_bytes
              • version_major
              • version_minor
              • version_patch
            • Sys Schema Stored Procedures
              • create_synonym_db
              • optimizer_switch Helper Functions
              • ps_trace_statement_digest
              • ps_trace_thread
              • ps_truncate_all_tables
              • statement_performance_analyzer
              • table_exists
            • Sys Schema Views
              • host_summary and x$host_summary Sys Schema Views
              • host_summary_by_file_io and x$host_summary_by_file_io Sys Schema Views
              • host_summary_by_file_io_type and x$host_summary_by_file_io_type Sys Schema Views
              • host_summary_by_stages and x$host_summary_by_stages Sys Schema Views
              • host_summary_by_statement_type and x$host_summary_by_statement_type Sys Schema Views
              • innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema Sys Schema Views
              • innodb_buffer_stats_by_table and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table Sys Schema Views
              • innodb_lock_waits and x$innodb_lock_waits Sys Schema Views
              • io_by_thread_by_latency and x$io_by_thread_by_latency Sys Schema Views
              • io_global_by_file_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes Sys Schema Views
              • io_global_by_file_by_latency and x$io_global_by_file_by_latency Sys Schema Views
              • io_global_by_wait_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes Sys Schema Views
              • io_global_by_wait_by_latency and x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency Sys Schema Views
              • latest_file_io and x$latest_file_io Sys Schema Views
              • memory_by_host_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes Views
              • metrics Sys Schema View
              • privileges_by_table_by_level Sys Schema View
              • schema_auto_increment_columns Sys Schema View
              • schema_object_overview Sys Schema View
              • host_summary_by_statement_latency and x$host_summary_by_statement_latency Sys Schema Views
          • The mysql Database Tables
            • mysql.column_stats Table
            • mysql.columns_priv Table
            • mysql.db Table
            • mysql.event Table
            • mysql.func Table
            • mysql.global_priv Table
            • mysql.help_category Table
            • mysql.help_keyword Table
            • mysql.help_relation Table
            • mysql.help_topic Table
            • mysql.index_stats Table
            • mysql.innodb_index_stats
            • mysql.innodb_table_stats
            • mysql.plugin Table
            • mysql.proc Table
            • mysql.procs_priv Table
            • mysql.proxies_priv Table
            • mysql.roles_mapping Table
            • mysql.servers Table
            • mysql.slow_log Table
            • mysql.table_stats Table
            • mysql.tables_priv Table
            • mysql.time_zone Table
            • mysql.time_zone_leap_second Table
            • mysql.time_zone_name Table
            • mysql.time_zone_transition Table
            • mysql.time_zone_transition_type Table
            • mysql.transaction_registry Table
            • mysql.user Table
            • mysql.general_log Table
            • mysql.gtid_slave_pos Table
            • mysql.password_reuse_check_history Table
            • Obsolete mysql Database Tables
              • mysql.host Table
              • mysql.ndb_binlog_index Table
            • Spider mysql Database Tables
              • mysql.spider_link_failed_log Table
              • mysql.spider_link_mon_servers Table
              • mysql.spider_table_crd Table
              • mysql.spider_table_position_for_recovery Table
              • mysql.spider_table_sts Table
              • mysql.spider_tables Table
              • mysql.spider_xa Table
              • mysql.spider_xa_failed_log Table
              • mysql.spider_xa_member Table
      • Data Definition
        • Atomic DDL
        • CONSTRAINT
        • RENAME TABLE
        • ALTER
          • ALTER DATABASE
          • ALTER FUNCTION
          • ALTER LOGFILE GROUP
          • ALTER SERVER
          • ALTER TABLE
          • ALTER TABLESPACE
        • CREATE
          • CREATE DATABASE
          • CREATE EVENT
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE INDEX
          • CREATE LOGFILE GROUP
          • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
          • CREATE PACKAGE
          • CREATE SERVER
          • CREATE TABLE
          • CREATE TABLESPACE
          • Generated (Virtual and Persistent/Stored) Columns
          • Invisible Columns
          • Silent Column Changes
        • DROP
          • DROP DATABASE
          • DROP EVENT
          • DROP INDEX
          • DROP LOGFILE GROUP
          • DROP PACKAGE BODY
          • DROP PACKAGE
          • DROP SERVER
          • DROP TABLE
          • DROP TABLESPACE
          • DROP TRIGGER
      • Data Manipulation
        • Changing & Deleting Data
          • DELETE
          • HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY
          • REPLACE
          • REPLACE...RETURNING
          • UPDATE
        • Inserting & Loading Data
          • Concurrent Inserts
          • IGNORE
          • INSERT - Default & Duplicate Values
          • INSERT DELAYED
          • INSERT IGNORE
          • INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
          • INSERT SELECT
          • INSERT
          • INSERT...RETURNING
          • LOAD Data into Tables or Index
            • LOAD DATA INFILE
            • LOAD INDEX
            • LOAD XML
        • Selecting Data
          • DUAL
          • FOR UPDATE
          • GROUP BY
          • LIMIT
          • LOCK IN SHARE MODE
          • Optimizer Hints
          • ORDER BY
          • PROCEDURE
          • SELECT INTO DUMPFILE
          • SELECT INTO OUTFILE
          • SELECT ... OFFSET ... FETCH
          • SELECT WITH ROLLUP
          • SELECT
          • Common Table Expressions
            • Non-Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview
            • Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview
            • WITH
          • Joins & Subqueries
            • except
            • INTERSECT
            • MINUS
            • Precedence Control in Table Operations
            • UNION
            • Joins
              • Comma vs JOIN
              • JOIN Syntax
              • More Advanced Joins
            • Subqueries
              • Subqueries and ALL
              • Subqueries and ANY
              • Subqueries and EXISTS
              • Subqueries and JOINs
              • Subqueries in a FROM Clause (Derived Tables)
              • Row Subqueries
              • Scalar Subqueries
              • Subquery Limitations
      • Geometry Statements
        • Geometry Constructors
          • BUFFER
          • CONVEXHULL
          • GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
          • LINESTRING
          • MULTILINESTRING
          • MULTIPOINT
          • MULTIPOLYGON
          • POINT
          • PointOnSurface
          • POLYGON
          • ST_BUFFER
          • ST_CONVEXHULL
          • ST_INTERSECTION
          • ST_POINTONSURFACE
          • ST_SYMDIFFERENCE
          • ST_UNION
          • ST_AsGeoJSON
          • ST_GeomFromGeoJSON
        • Geometry Properties
          • DIMENSION
          • BOUNDARY
          • ENVELOPE
          • GeometryN
          • GeometryType
          • IsEmpty
          • IsSimple
          • NumGeometries
          • SRID
          • IsClosed
          • IsRing
          • ST_BOUNDARY
          • ST_DIMENSION
          • ST_ENVELOPE
          • ST_GEOMETRYN
          • ST_GEOMETRYTYPE
          • ST_ISCLOSED
          • ST_ISEMPTY
          • ST_IsRing
          • ST_IsSimple
          • ST_NUMGEOMETRIES
          • ST_RELATE
          • ST_SRID
        • Geometry Relations
          • CONTAINS
          • CROSSES
          • DISJOINT
          • EQUALS
          • INTERSECTS
          • OVERLAPS
          • ST_CONTAINS
          • ST_CROSSES
          • ST_EQUALS
          • ST_INTERSECTS
          • ST_OVERLAPS
          • ST_TOUCHES
          • ST_WITHIN
          • ST_DIFFERENCE
          • ST_DISJOINT
          • ST_DISTANCE
          • ST_DISTANCE_SPHERE
          • ST_LENGTH
          • TOUCHES
          • WITHIN
        • LineString Properties
          • GLENGTH
          • ENDPOINT
          • NumPoints
          • PointN
          • STARTPOINT
          • ST_ENDPOINT
          • ST_NUMPOINTS
          • ST_POINTN
          • ST_STARTPOINT
        • MBR (Minimum Bounding Rectangle)
          • MBR Definition
          • MBRContains
          • MBRCoveredBy
          • MBRDisjoint
          • MBREqual
          • MBRIntersects
          • MBROverlaps
          • MBRTouches
          • MBRWithin
        • Miscellaneous GIS functions
          • ST_Collect
          • ST_GeoHash
          • ST_IsValid
          • ST_LatFromGeoHash
          • ST_LongFromGeoHash
          • ST_PointFromGeoHash
          • ST_Simplify
          • ST_Validate
        • Point Properties
          • X
          • Y
          • ST_X
          • ST_Y
        • Polygon Properties
          • CENTROID
          • AREA
          • ExteriorRing
          • InteriorRingN
          • NumInteriorRings
          • ST_AREA
          • ST_CENTROID
          • ST_ExteriorRing
          • ST_InteriorRingN
          • ST_NumInteriorRings
        • WKB
          • AsWKB
          • GeometryCollectionFromWKB
          • GeometryFromWKB
          • LineStringFromWKB
          • MLineFromWKB
          • MPointFromWKB
          • MPolyFromWKB
          • MultiLineStringFromWKB
          • MultiPointFromWKB
          • MultiPolygonFromWKB
          • PolygonFromWKB
          • ST_AsBinary
          • ST_AsWKB
          • ST_GeomCollFromWKB
          • ST_GeometryCollectionFromWKB
          • ST_GeometryFromWKB
          • ST_GeomFromWKB
          • ST_LineFromWKB
          • ST_LineStringFromWKB
          • ST_MPointFromWKB
          • ST_MPolyFromWKB
          • ST_MultiPointFromWKB
          • ST_MultiPolygonFromWKB
          • ST_PointFromWKB
          • ST_PolyFromWKB
          • ST_PolygonFromWKB
          • Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format
          • AsBinary
          • GeomCollFromWKB
          • GeomFromWKB
          • LineFromWKB
          • PointFromWKB
          • PolyFromWKB
        • WKT
          • GeometryCollectionFromText
          • GeometryFromText
          • LineStringFromText
          • MLineFromText
          • MPointFromText
          • MPolyFromText
          • MultiLineStringFromText
          • MultiPointFromText
          • MultiPolygonFromText
          • PolygonFromText
          • ST_AsText
          • ST_ASWKT
          • ST_GeomCollFromText
          • ST_GeometryCollectionFromText
          • ST_GeometryFromText
          • ST_GeomFromText
          • ST_LineFromText
          • ST_LineStringFromText
          • ST_MPointFromText
          • ST_MPolyFromText
          • ST_MultiLineStringFromText
          • ST_MultiPointFromText
          • ST_MultiPolygonFromText
          • ST_PointFromText
          • ST_PolyFromText
          • ST_PolygonFromText
          • AsText
          • AsWKT
          • WKT Definition
          • GeomCollFromText
          • GeomFromText
          • LineFromText
          • PointFromText
          • PolyFromText
          • ST_MLineFromText
      • Prepared Statements
        • DEALLOCATE / DROP PREPARE
        • EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
        • EXECUTE Statement
        • Out Parameters in PREPARE
        • PREPARE Statement
      • Programmatic & Compound Statements
        • BEGIN END
        • CASE Statement
        • DECLARE CONDITION
        • DECLARE HANDLER
        • DECLARE Variable
        • FOR
        • GOTO
        • IF
        • ITERATE
        • Labels
        • LEAVE
        • LOOP
        • REPEAT LOOP
        • RESIGNAL
        • RETURN
        • SELECT INTO
        • SET Variable
        • SIGNAL
        • WHILE
        • Using Compound Statements Outside of Stored Programs
        • Cursors
          • Cursor Overview
          • CLOSE
          • DECLARE CURSOR
          • FETCH
          • OPEN
        • Diagnostics
          • Diagnostics Area
          • GET DIAGNOSTICS
          • SQLSTATE
      • Replication Statements
        • CHANGE MASTER TO
        • RESET MASTER
        • RESET REPLICA
        • SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER
        • START REPLICA
        • STOP REPLICA
        • Legacy Replication Statements
          • RESET SLAVE
          • SHOW SLAVE HOSTS
          • SHOW SLAVE STATUS
          • START SLAVE
          • STOP SLAVE
      • Stored Routine Statements
        • CALL
        • DO
      • Table Statements
        • ANALYZE TABLE
        • CHECK TABLE
        • CHECK VIEW
        • CHECKSUM TABLE
        • REPAIR TABLE
        • REPAIR VIEW
        • TRUNCATE TABLE
        • Obsolete Table Commands
          • BACKUP TABLE (removed)
          • RESTORE TABLE (removed)
      • Transactions
        • COMMIT
        • LOCK TABLES
        • Metadata Locking
        • ROLLBACK
        • SAVEPOINT
        • SET TRANSACTION
        • SQL statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
        • START TRANSACTION
        • Transaction Timeouts
        • READ COMMITTED
        • READ UNCOMMITTED
        • REPEATABLE READ
        • SERIALIZABLE
        • UNLOCK TABLES
        • WAIT and NOWAIT
        • XA Transactions
    • SQL Functions
      • Functions & Operators
      • Aggregate Functions
        • AVG
        • BIT_AND
        • BIT_OR
        • BIT_XOR
        • COUNT DISTINCT
        • COUNT
        • GROUP_CONCAT
        • MAX
        • MIN
        • STD
        • STDDEV
        • STDDEV_POP
        • STDDEV_SAMP
        • SUM
        • VAR_POP
        • VAR_SAMP
        • VARIANCE
      • Control Flow Functions
        • CASE OPERATOR
        • DECODE_ORACLE
        • IF Function
        • IFNULL
        • NULLIF
        • NVL
        • NVL2
      • Date & Time Functions
        • ADD_MONTHS
        • ADDDATE
        • ADDTIME
        • CONVERT_TZ
        • CURDATE
        • CURRENT_DATE
        • CURRENT_TIME
        • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
        • CURTIME
        • Date and Time Units
        • DATE FUNCTION
        • DATE_ADD
        • DATE_FORMAT
        • DATE_SUB
        • DATEDIFF
        • DAY
        • DAYNAME
        • DAYOFMONTH
        • DAYOFWEEK
        • DAYOFYEAR
        • EXTRACT
        • FORMAT_PICO_TIME
        • FROM_DAYS
        • FROM_UNIXTIME
        • GET_FORMAT
        • HOUR
        • LAST_DAY
        • LOCALTIME
        • LOCALTIMESTAMP
        • MAKEDATE
        • MAKETIME
        • MICROSECOND
        • Microseconds in MariaDB
        • MINUTE
        • MONTH
        • MONTHNAME
        • NOW
        • PERIOD_ADD
        • PERIOD_DIFF
        • QUARTER
        • SEC_TO_TIME
        • SECOND
        • STR_TO_DATE
        • SUBDATE
        • SUBTIME
        • SYSDATE
        • TIME Function
        • TIME_FORMAT
        • TIME_TO_SEC
        • TIMEDIFF
        • TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
        • TIMESTAMPADD
        • TIMESTAMPDIFF
        • TO_DAYS
        • TO_SECONDS
        • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
        • UTC_DATE
        • UTC_TIME
        • UTC_TIMESTAMP
        • WEEK
        • WEEKDAY
        • WEEKOFYEAR
        • YEAR
        • YEARWEEK
      • Numeric Functions
        • ABS
        • ACOS
        • Addition Operator (+)
        • ASIN
        • ATAN
        • ATAN2
        • CEIL
        • CEILING
        • CONV
        • COS
        • COT
        • CRC32
        • CRC32C
        • DEGREES
        • DIV
        • Division Operator (/)
        • EXP
        • FLOOR
        • LN
        • LOG
        • LOG10
        • LOG2
        • MOD
        • Multiplication Operator (*)
        • OCT
        • PI
        • POW
        • POWER
        • RADIANS
        • RAND
        • ROUND
        • SIGN
        • SIN
        • SQRT
        • TAN
        • TRUNCATE
      • Pseudo Columns
        • _rowid
      • Secondary Functions
        • Bit Functions and Operators
          • BIT_COUNT
          • ~
          • |
          • ^
          • &
          • Parentheses
          • <<
          • >>
          • TRUE FALSE
        • Encryption, Hashing and Compression Functions
          • AES_DECRYPT
          • AES_ENCRYPT
          • COMPRESS
          • DECODE
          • DES_DECRYPT
          • DES_ENCRYPT
          • ENCODE
          • ENCRYPT
          • KDF
          • MD5
          • OLD_PASSWORD
          • PASSWORD
          • RANDOM_BYTES
          • SHA1
          • SHA2
          • UNCOMPRESS
          • UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH
        • Information Functions
          • BENCHMARK
          • BINLOG_GTID_POS
          • CHARSET
          • COERCIBILITY
          • COLLATION
          • CONNECTION_ID
          • CURRENT_ROLE
          • CURRENT_USER
          • DATABASE
          • DECODE_HISTOGRAM
          • DEFAULT
          • FOUND_ROWS
          • LAST_INSERT_ID
          • LAST_VALUE
          • PROCEDURE ANALYSE
          • ROW_COUNT
          • ROWNUM
          • SCHEMA
          • SESSION_USER
          • SYSTEM_USER
          • USER
          • VERSION
        • Miscellaneous Functions
          • GET_LOCK
          • INET6_ATON
          • INET6_NTOA
          • INET_ATON
          • INET_NTOA
          • IS_FREE_LOCK
          • IS_IPV4
          • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
          • IS_IPV4_MAPPED
          • IS_IPV6
          • IS_USED_LOCK
          • MASTER_GTID_WAIT
          • MASTER_POS_WAIT
          • FORMAT_BYTES
          • NAME_CONST
          • RELEASE_ALL_LOCKS
          • RELEASE_LOCK
          • SLEEP
          • SYS_GUID
          • UUID
          • UUID_SHORT
          • UUID_v4
          • UUID_v7
          • VALUES / VALUE
      • Special Functions
        • Dynamic Columns Functions
          • COLUMN_ADD
          • COLUMN_CHECK
          • COLUMN_CREATE
          • COLUMN_DELETE
          • COLUMN_EXISTS
          • COLUMN_GET
          • COLUMN_JSON
          • COLUMN_LIST
        • Galera Functions
          • WSREP_LAST_SEEN_GTID
          • WSREP_LAST_WRITTEN_GTID
          • WSREP_SYNC_WAIT_UPTO_GTID
        • Geographic Functions
        • JSON Functions
          • Differences between JSON_QUERY and JSON_VALUE
          • JSON_ARRAY
          • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
          • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
          • JSON_ARRAY_INTERSECT
          • JSON_ARRAYAGG
          • JSON_COMPACT
          • JSON_CONTAINS
          • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
          • JSON_DEPTH
          • JSON_DETAILED
          • JSON_EQUALS
          • JSON_EXISTS
          • JSON_EXTRACT
          • JSON_INSERT
          • JSON_KEY_VALUE
          • JSON_KEYS
          • JSON_LENGTH
          • JSON_LOOSE
          • JSON_MERGE
          • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
          • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
          • JSON_NORMALIZE
          • JSON_OBJECT
          • JSON_OBJECT_FILTER_KEYS
          • JSON_OBJECT_TO_ARRAY
          • JSON_OBJECTAGG
          • JSON_OVERLAPS
          • JSON_PRETTY
          • JSON_QUERY
          • JSON_QUOTE
          • JSON_REMOVE
          • JSON_REPLACE
          • JSON_SCHEMA_VALID
          • JSON_SEARCH
          • JSON_SET
          • JSON_TABLE
          • JSON_TYPE
          • JSON_UNQUOTE
          • JSON_VALID
          • JSON_VALUE
          • JSONPath Expressions
        • Window Functions
          • Aggregate Functions as Window Functions
          • CUME_DIST
          • DENSE_RANK
          • FIRST_VALUE
          • LAG
          • LEAD
          • MEDIAN
          • NTH_VALUE
          • NTILE
          • PERCENT_RANK
          • PERCENTILE_CONT
          • PERCENTILE_DISC
          • RANK
          • ROW_NUMBER
          • Window Frames
          • window-functions-columnstore-window-functions
          • Window Functions Overview
      • String Functions
        • ASCII
        • BIN
        • BINARY Operator
        • BIT_LENGTH
        • CAST
        • CHAR Function
        • CHAR_LENGTH
        • CHARACTER_LENGTH
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  1. Reference
  2. SQL Structure

SQL Language Structure

SQL language structure rules

Binary LiteralsDate and Time LiteralsHexadecimal LiteralsIdentifier Case-sensitivityIdentifier NamesIdentifier QualifiersIdentifier to File Name MappingNumeric LiteralsReserved WordsBoolean LiteralsString LiteralsTable Value ConstructorsUser-Defined Variables
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